Bromine Facts (Atomic Number 35 or Br)

Bromine is a halogen element with atomic number 35 and element symbol Br.  At room temperature and pressure, it is one of the few liquid elements. Bromine is known for its brown color and characteristic acrid odor. Here is a collection of facts about the element: Bromine Atomic Data Atomic Number: 35 Symbol: Br Atomic Weight: 79.904 Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Word Origin: Greek bromos, which means stench Element Classification: Halogen Discovery: Antoine J. Balard (1826, France) Density (g/cc): 3.12 Melting Point ( °K): 265.9 Boiling Point ( °K): 331.9 Appearance: reddish-brown liquid, metallic luster in solid form Isotopes: There are 29 known isotopes of bromine ranging from Br-69 to Br-97. There are 2 stable isotopes: Br-79 (50.69% abundance) and Br-81 (49.31% abundance). Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 23.5 Covalent Radius (pm): 114 Ionic Radius: 47 (5e) 196 (-1e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.473 (Br-Br) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 10.57 (Br-Br) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 29.56 (Br-Br) Pauling Negativity Number: 2.96 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1142.0 Oxidation States: 7, 5, 3, 1, -1 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 6.670 Magnetic Ordering: nonmagnetic Electrical Resistivity (20  °C): 7.8Ãâ€"1010 ÃŽ ©Ã‚ ·m Thermal Conductivity (300 K): 0.122 W ·m−1 ·K−1 CAS Registry Number: 7726-95-6 Bromine Trivia Bromine is named after the Greek word bromos meaning stench because bromine smells... stinky. Its a sharp, acrid odor thats hard to describe, but many people know the smell from the elements use in swimming pools.Bromine was nearly discovered by two other chemists before Antoine Jerome Balard published his discovery. The first was in 1825 by the German chemist Justus von Liebig. He was sent a sample of salt water to analyze from a nearby town. He thought the brown liquid he separated from the salt water was a simple mixture of iodine and chlorine. After he learned of Balards discovery, he went back and checked. His liquid was the newly discovered bromine. The other discoverer was a chemistry student named Carl Loewig. He separated the same brown liquid in 1825 from another sample of salt water. His professor asked him to prepare more of the brown liquid for further testing and soon learned of Balards bromine.Elemental bromine is a toxic substance and can cause corrosion burns when ex posed to skin. Inhalation can cause irritation, in low concentrations, or death, in high concentration.Although toxic as a pure element and in high doses, bromine is an essential element for animals. The bromide ion is a cofactor in collagen synthesis.In World War I, xylyl bromide and related bromine compound were used as poison gas.Compounds containing bromine in the -1 oxidation state are called bromides.Bromine is the tenth most abundant element in sea water with an abundance of 67.3 mg/L.Bromine is the 64th most abundant element in the Earths crust with an abundance of 2.4 mg/kg.At room temperature, elemental bromine is a reddish-brown liquid. The only other element that is a liquid at room temperature is mercury.Bromine is used in many fire retardant compounds. When brominated compounds burn, hydrobromic acid is produced. The acid acts as a flame retardant by interfering with the oxidation reaction of combustion. Nontoxic halomethane compounds, such as bromochloromethane and br omotrifluoromethane, are used in submarines and spacecraft. However, they are not generally useful because they are expensive and because they damage the ozone layer.Bromide compounds used to be used as sedatives and anticonvulsants. Specifically, sodium bromide and potassium bromide were used in the 19th and 20th century until they were replaced by chloral hydrate, which was in turn replaced by barbituates and other drugs.The ancient royal purple dye called Tyrian Purple is a bromine compound.Bromine was used in leaded fuels to help prevent engine knock in the form of ethylene bromide.Herbert Dow, founder of the Dow Chemical Company started his business separating bromine from brine waters of the Midwestern United States. Sources Duan, Defang; et al. (2007-09-26). Ab initio studies of solid bromine under high pressure. Physical Review B. 76 (10): 104113. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.104113Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.121. ISBN 1439855110.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). The discovery of the elements: XVII. The halogen family. Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915 Return to the Periodic Table

Health Risks and Obesity Essay - 1397 Words

Obesity has become the silent killer in American society. It is a risk factor for numerous chronic diseases including the four leading causes of death. Obesity can be linked to stroke, heart disease, cancer and diabetes, all serious health problems that can be fatal. Obesity is linked to 300,000 deaths annually in the industrial world (Flamholz, 2001). Often in society and in the medical community there exists a lack of understanding that obesity is in fact a disease and needs attention, otherwise the rates of many diseases will continue to climb. Obesity has moved to almost epidemic status in America. There are an increased number of people in America that are obese. The percentage of people that can be defined as obese, those that are†¦show more content†¦They pointed to a multiple list of reasons why they found the results that they did. All of their reasons talked about issues that cause people to become obese. They looked at access to healthy foods, job related issues of stress, access to recreational and fitness facilities, and most importantly access to medical facilities. All of these risk factors of cardiovascular disease are directly related to obesity. The lack of adequate health care for those of lower socioeconomic status contributes to the problem of obesity. One study done in Europe found that obesity, which disproportionately affected people with lower social status, was not only linked to cardiovascular disease but also to mortality rate (Mackenbach et al 1997). These would seem obvious enough but the implications deal directly with the issue of health care availability. The higher rate of mortality cannot be explained by the increase in risk. The authors of this study concluded that lack of health care was the true determining factor for mortality. People dont necessarily die from cardiovascular disease especially if one has the money and opportunity to receive quality health care. It is much easier for those with money to receive quality treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. In the US many poor families dont have access to regularShow MoreRelatedObesity Is A Health Risk1474 Words   |  6 PagesObesity is def ined as a condition characterized by the accumulation of excess body fat, this abnormal or excessive fat accumulation may impair on one’s health, leading to a reduced life expectancy (Health Boosters, 2012). Obesity occurs when an individual’s energy intake exceeds their energy expenditure, the larger the imbalance the more rapid the weight gain (Medibank, 2010). 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Summary Telefonica O2 UK Limited Free Essays

Brochure More information from http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/1936377/ Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Strategic SWOT Analysis Review Description: Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Strategic SWOT Analysis Review Summary Telefonica O2 UK Limited, (Telefonica O2) formerly BT Cellnet Limited, is a communication and broadband Internet service provider. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Telefonica O2 UK Limited or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company provides mobile and broadband services to consumers and businesses in the United Kingdom. The company offers fixed-line telecom services to SMEs and corporate customers. The company offers a broad range of non-voice services including text, media messaging, games, music, and video, besides data connections through GPRS, HSDPA, 3G, and WLAN. In addition, it offers solutions for manufacturing, IT and telecom, services, media, leisure, finance, professional services and consultancy, public sector, utilities, healthcare, and education, as well as travel, transport, and distribution industries. Telefonica O2 is a part of Telefonica Europe plc, a business division of Telefonica S. A. hat uses O2 as its commercial brand in the UK, Slovakia, Ireland, Czech Republic and Germany. The company is headquartered in Slough, the United Kingdom. Telefonica O2 UK Limited Key Recent Developments Mar 09, 2011: O2 UK Secures Smart Meter Deal With G4S Feb 10, 2011: O2 UK Secures Smart Meter Deal With G4S Jun 09, 2010: Nokia Siemens Upgrades Telefonica O2’s Mobile Broadband Network To Meet Smartphone Demand GlobalData’s Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Strat egic SWOT Analysis Review provides a comprehensive insight into the company’s history, corporate strategy, business structure and operations. The report contains a detailed SWOT analysis, information on the company’s key employees, key competitors and major products and services. This up-to-the-minute company report will help you to formulate strategies to drive your business by enabling you to understand your partners, customers and competitors better. Scope – Business description – A detailed description of the company’s operations and business divisions. – Corporate strategy – GlobalData’s summarization of the company’s business strategy. SWOT analysis – A detailed analysis of the company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. – Company history – Progression of key events associated with the company. – Major products and services – A list of major products, services and brands of the company. – Key competitors – A list of key competitors to the company. – Key employees – A list of the key executives of the company. – Executive biographies – A brief summary of the executives’ employment history. Key operational heads – A list of personnel heading key departments/functions. – Important locations and subsidiaries – A list of key locations and subsidiaries of the company, including contact details. Note: Some sections may be missing if data is unavailable for the company. Reasons to Buy – Gain key insights into the company for academic or business research purposes. Key elements such as SWOT analysis and corporate strategy are incorporated in the profile to assist your academic or business research needs. Identify potential customers and suppliers with this report’s analysis of the company’s business structure, operations, major products and services and business strategy. – Understand and respond to your competitors’ business structure and strategies with GlobalData’s detailed SWOT a nalysis. In this, the company’s core strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are analyzed, providing you with an up to date objective view of the company. – Examine potential investment and acquisition targets with this report’s detailed insight into the company’s strategic, business and operational performance. Contents: List of Tables Section 1 – About the Company Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Key Facts Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Key Employees Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Key Employee Biographies Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Major Products and Services Telefonica O2 UK Limited – History Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Locations And Subsidiaries Head Office Other Locations Subsidiaries Joint Venture Section 2 – Company Analysis Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Business Description Telefonica O2 UK Limited – SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis – Overview Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Strengths Strength – Comprehensive Offerings Strength – Leading Position Strength – New Launches Weakness – Litigations Weakness – Increasing Debt of Parent Company Opportunity – Strategic Growth Initiatives Opportunity – Demand for Mobile Broadband Opportunity – Growth in Telecommunications Services Threat â₠¬â€œ Rapid Technological Changes Threat – Highly Competitive Market Threat – High Competitive Pressure Telefonica O2 UK Limited – Key Competitors Telefonica O2 UK Limited, Recent Deals Summary Section 3 – Company’s Recent Developments Mar 09, 2011: O2 UK Secures Smart Meter Deal With G4S Feb 10, 2011: O2 UK Secures Smart Meter Deal With G4S Jun 09, 2010: Nokia Siemens Upgrades Telefonica O2’s Mobile Broadband Network To Meet Smartphone Demand Section 4 – Appendix Methodology About GlobalData Contact Us Disclaimer List of Tables Telefonica O2 Telefonica O2 Telefonica O2 Telefonica O2 Telefonica O2 Telefonica O2 Telefonica O2 Telefonica O2 Telefonica O2 UK UK UK UK UK UK UK UK UK Limited, Limited, Limited, Limited, Limited, Limited, Limited, Limited, Limited, Key Facts Key Employees Key Employee Biographies Major Products and Services History Subsidiaries Joint Venture Key Competitors Recent Deals Summary Ordering: Order Online – http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/1936377/ Order by Fax – using the form below Order by Post – print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland. 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