Barilla Case Study: Operational Ineffeciencies

Case Presentation Barilla SpA Introduction Company & Industry background †¢ World’s largest pasta producer in 1990 †¢ Pasta Share – 35% in Italy and 22% in Europe Channels of Distribution †¢ Products divided in 2 categories – â€Å"Fresh† and â€Å"Dry† †¢ Fresh Products had 21 day Shelf Lives †¢ Dry Products had Long ( 18 to 24 Months) or Medium(10 to 12 weeks) Shelf Lives †¢ Retail Outlets – Small independent The Issue During the late 1980s, Barilla suffered increasing operational inefficiencies and cost penalties that resulted from large week-to-week variations in its distributors’ order patterns Distribution Procedure †¢ Original flow of goods and information PLANT CDC’s Barilla run depots GD’s Chain supermarkets DO’s Independent supermarkets â€Å"Signora Maria† Shops Customers Customers Customers *CDC = Central Distribution Centre GD = Grand Distributors DO = Organize d Distributors Sales and Marketing Advertising – Heavy, Brand Positioned as the Highest Quality †¢ Trade promotions – Frequent †¢ Canvass period, 10 to 12 in a year, typical duration of 4 to 5 weeks †¢ Distributor could buy as much product as desired to meet present and future needs at the offered discount †¢ Volume Discounts also given †¢ Sales representatives used more at DO’s than GD’s – Merchandise Barilla Products – Set up In-Store Promotion – Take note of competitor’s prices, stockouts, new product launches – Work out ordering strategies for the retailer etc Demand Fluctuations †¢ Just in Time Distribution Variability in Demand †¢ Reasons – – – – Transportation discounts Volume discount Promotional activity No minimum or maximum order quantities – Product proliferation – Long order lead times – Lack of forecasting systems or sophist icated analytical tools at Distributer’s end Exhibit 12: Demand Fluctuations Variability in Demand †¢ Methods employed to counter variability – Holding buffer FGs to meet Distributor requirements – Asking Distributors/Retailers to carry additional inventory Impact – Strained Manufacturing and Logistics operations* – Poor Product delivery management – Thinning retailer/distributor margins – Increased Inventory Holding costs – Impossible to anticipate Demand swings – Changing customers due to lack of storage space Bullwhip effect †¢ Amplified Variation in demand as one moves up the Supply Chain (away from the order order customer) order Factory Distributor Wholesaler Retailer Order Variation The Causes of Bullwhip Effect Demand Forecast †¢ Long lead times †¢ Order Batching †¢ Price fluctuation (Promotional sales) †¢ Inflated orders in high estimated demand scenarios Counteracting the Bullwhip Effect †¢ Reduce Uncertainty – POS – Sharing Information – Centralizing demand information †¢ Reduce Variability – Year round or Everyday low pricing †¢ Reduce Lead Times – Information lead times: EDI – Order lead times: Cross Docking †¢ Strategic Partnerships – – – – Quick Response Continuous Replenishment Advanced Continuous Replenishment Vendor managed Inventory (VMI) Just-In-Time Distribution (JITD) †¢ Vendor-Managed Inventory Concept †¢ Treats end-customer as the Input †¢ Aims at managing the Input filter that Produces the Orders †¢ Decision-making authority for determining shipments in hands of Barilla SpA †¢ Barilla would monitor the flow of its products through the distributor’s warehouse, and then decide what to ship to the distributor and when to ship it †¢ Distributor provides Data on the shipment and current stock levels for Expected Benefits of JITD †¢ Manufacturer – Reduced manufacturing costs – Better Relationship with Distributors †¢ Increased supply chain visibility †¢ Increase Distributor’s dependence on Barilla – Improvement in manufacturing planning using objective data – Reduced inventory levels †¢ Distributors – Improved fill rates to Retail stores – Additional service without any extra cost – Reduced Inventory Holding costs JITD – Internal Resistance Sales Representatives feared reduction in responsibilities †¢ Flattened sales levels †¢ Risk of Inability to adjust shipments quickly to stock-outs †¢ Lack of infrastructure to handle JITD †¢ Increased competitor shelf space at distributor †¢ Inability to run Trade promotions †¢ Unsure about the cost benefits JITD – External Resistance †¢ Unconvinced Distributors †¢ Not willing to share warehouse data †¢ Perceived power transfer to Barilla †¢ Lack of faith in Barilla’s inventory management Possible methods to counter Resistance †¢ Demonstrate that JITD benefits the distributors – Run experiment at one or more of the distributor sites †¢ Maggiali needs to look at JITD not as a logistics program, but as a company-wide effort – Get Top management closely involved Experiments at Dryproduct depots †¢ Barilla spa ran first JITD experiment at its Florence depot †¢ During the very first month of the program – Inventory dropped from 10. 1 days to 3. 6 days – Service level to retail stores increased from 98. 9% to 99. % †¢ Depot’s staff was not comfortable working with such low inventory levels – Inventory levels finally allowed to increase to 5 days †¢ One of the arguments against JITD was that it will lead to waste empty spaces in the ware houses Experiments at Dryproduct depots †¢ In Florence case – Barilla growing at rapid rate in the region – Plans to expand warehouse – Existin g warehouse able to accommodate the increased requirement – Substantial investment on expansion was avoided †¢ JITD next tried at Milan Depot – Similar performance improvement as Florence †¢ These experiments established the credibility of JITD system Implementation at D. O. Cortese †¢ The decision to implement JITD in Marchese DC of Cortese involved – Barilla: Director of Logistics, Executive vice president of sales and Manager in charge of JITD implementation – Cortese: Nine managers including Managing director, new services manager, logistics manager and logistics, purchasing, marketing and sales personnel from Cortese’s Marchese DC †¢ Consultant Claudio Ferrozzi was roped in – Neutral party trusted by both the groups Implementation at D. O. Cortese †¢ For six months, Barilla team analyzed daily shipment data of the DC – Created the data base of DC’s historical demand pattern – Simulated shipments with JITD in place †¢ The implementation yielded phenomenal results – Prior to JITD †¢ Stock out rate : 2 to 5% ( Occasionally as high as 10 to 13%) – After JITD †¢ Negligible stock out rate of less than. 25%(Never exceeded 1%) †¢ Average inventory level also dropped Adaptation to different distributors With new confidence they approached other customers †¢ Customers apprehensive about JITD repeating the same success as Cortese for them as they had varied systems †¢ Barilla’s team developed capacity to translate customer’s standard’s into internal standards Adaptation to different distributors †¢ Developed a protocol which could be used to communicate with all customers †¢ Each SKU identified with three d ifferent product codes – Barilla’s code – Customer’s code – EAN (European article numbering system) barcode – Most common barcode standard in Europe †¢ Advantages of the coding system Information can be received through any code – Reduce impact of internal changes in product or code on client’s system Communication with consumers Customer each day sent following information to Barilla via EDI:1. Customer code number to identify itself 2. Inventory for each SKU carried by DC 3. Previous day’s â€Å"sell through†-All shipments of Barilla products out of DC to consumers on the previous day 4. Stock outs on previous day for every Barilla SKU carried by DC 5. An advance order for any promotions that the customer planned to run in the future 6. Preferred delivery carton size Lessons learnt One needs to prove credibility of any new performance initiative for others to buy his/her idea †¢ Best place to experimen t with an idea is within the organization †¢ To succeed in a new initiative, involvement of top management is imperative †¢ Market is ever growing. If performance measures seem to create spare time/capacity instead of chucking them, look out for ways to increase the – Barrilla could finally succeed in implementing JITD with Cortese. Whole of top management from both sides was involved in the decision making. Which never happened earlier – Sometimes roping a consultant helps THANK YOU

Parental Care Essay

It cannot be denied that the development of the society has affected greater or less our lifestyles. Unfortunately, many parents have too little time and pay less attention to their children than in the past. Therefore, the inevitable result is that their kids will suffer. In the first place, people living in a modern world seem very busy with their work. They do not have time to look after their children, so they send children to school, where teachers are required to take responsibility for bringing up children instead of parents. Unfortunately, in some families, children only see their parents only in the evening. They do not have chance to talk or share thoughts and feelings together. According to a recent survey, a child who receives much attention from parents will perform better at school than a child who does not. For that matter, caring for children is necessary for their development. Besides, there are many other factors making parents concern less about their children. Indifference from parents can result from realizing that children are very bad-behaved, or being too disappointed when children get low marks at school. Seriously, in some cases, they hit children, losing the trust from them. Therefore, children are highly likely to commit crimes like robbery or be involved in drug trade. All things considered, I hold the view that children are less looked after by parents than in the past. It is my strong belief that parents should do something to secure a better life for their children.

Pay Rolls and Internal Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pay Rolls and Internal Audit - Essay Example No lapses were found in the management of pay roll or audit but the need to strengthen the control and improve the process of payment and audit in order to make process more and more accurate and transparent regarding the payment procedure were suggested. The need of strengthening of control of staff pay roll advances, and the need of obtaining additional and timely information from the HR department to ensure maintenance of better personal records was stressed. There was significant progress achieved through installation of computerized system for this purpose. The process of reviewing and procedures of documenting must take into consideration the gradual computerization of the process along with addressing the issues like leave on loss of pay and the adjustments made for that purpose. There is a need to make arrangements to produce salary statements according to the revised schemes in order to enable payroll department to distribute the sample for verification of major key salary e lements on the personnel data bank. The process of staff pay roll advances can be strengthened through analysis and regular follow up of accounts. The outstanding dues are liable to review and should be brought up to date. The HR department should discuss with Payroll Unit regarding providing a list of appointments, extension, cessations, leave for loss of pay for both regular and contract staff for ensuring a proper tallying of personnel records with pay roll records. If this type of communication is done manually or not done regularly, its effect on HR department will be costly. As the system was computerized it is now possible to obtain this information but there is a need of maintaining a database named personnel information system. Right now the work of personnel information department also was maintained by payroll unit only. This is making the system less efficient and even less accurate due to the non availability of up to date information. Regarding the large number of alternate arrangements due to absence of staff, non appointment of regular staff, the lack of staff due to leaves on loss of pay; they involve an increment in cost to the company. Necessary steps were not taken to regularize the monitoring on these things and even to reduce the increment of pay due to these arrangements. The review of payments processed by payment authorities is also important. This type of reviews result in strengthening control over travel expensed by reviewing travel claims and assurance that all travel is verified to feasible extent. The airline boarding passes, train tickets verification must be reviewed. The review can cover the travel expenses of permanent travelers, frequent travelers and the personnel traveling less often. The differences in the procedures must be studied and the verification process can be done with the knowledge of pay roll department to avoid complications as they will be in constant contact with the data base of all the staff. ( if the data base was provided. A recommendation for that type of data base was done earlier in the paper. No information of existing database was given in the information of the company) The proposal of informing the instructions issued to managers of different departments who approve the payments to pay toll department can be mooted to make two obligations between payroll and internal audit more reasonable. This makes the pay roll

Report to the Directors of USPS diagnosing the state of affairs and Essay - 1

Report to the Directors of USPS diagnosing the state of affairs and offering some prognosis on what might be a more sustainable business model - Essay Example However, reduction of certain required expenses will lead to a decline in the company’s service quality. For example, the Post Office decides to cut the services of the one of the mail sorting employees. The cut is based on the company’s decision to reduce its huge employee salary payments. The employee reduction will trigger a slow customer mail services. The current business model includes a ballooning debt figure. The debt included an unpaid $5.5 billion amount on its defaulted loan schedule. In fact, the current business model is characterized as not a profitable self-maintaining business entity. Likewise, the current business model is described as needing to sacrifice its services in order to reduce its operating expenses. For example, the lone postman is hired as a part time employee to deliver mails on a Wednesday and Friday. Consequently, mails that arrive on a Monday will be delivered two days later, Wednesday. Similarly, mails that arrive on a Thursday will be delivered on a Friday (Ross, 2012). The same article described the current business model is grounded on low stamp and parcel rates. The current rates of mailing the correspondences were not high enough to surpass the breakeven point. Consequently, an increase in the stamp and other post office rates will lead to the increase in the company’s overall revenue (Ross, 2012). The current business model fails to generate enough revenues needed to pay for the maturing debts (Epstein, 2011). A business is normally set up in order to generate revenues. This is the first step. The USPS accomplished this first business task. Next, the company must generated net profits. The net profit amounts are arrived at by subtracting operating expenses from the gross profit amount. Based on the company financial report, Table 1, the company failed to generate enough revenues needed to arrive at the bottom line. The bottom line is the passing grade of any company. The bottom line equates to a net

Judith clark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Judith clark - Essay Example Similar individuals involved in the crime pleaded for lesser charges; however Clark received a seventy-five year sentence. It seems that while the extraordinary circumstances surrounding her crime – namely its ideological underpinnings – may have contributed to increased attention, there is also the recognition that her sentence was in-line with that many individuals would receive for similar charges. Still, her strong ideological stance at the time prevented her from establishing a plea arrangement for a lesser sentence; this is an ideological stance she claims to have since abandoned. Even while Clark claims she has been rehabilitated, she remains an accomplice to murder. Her strong ideological bent at the time of crime may have also contributed to its planning and execution. Ultimately then while Clark’s seventy-five year sentence may be too extreme, it does not seem a fair principle of justice to release her from prison anytime in the near

Starbucks Service Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Starbucks Service Marketing - Case Study Example Starbucks is one of the most-known names in the industry of coffee marketing services. The creation of a unique taste that carries the trademark of the business has made it possible for the owner of the organization to make a great name in the face of global market. Undeniably, this strategy of making everything unique while continuously developing has helped the entire business to make it possible for every plan to get along with the aims of the business. In this study, an understanding on how Starbucks operates as a part of the modern industry of commerce and servicing businesses in the world making it possible to make a great name known to many markets around the globe. Primarily, this paper shall focus on how much the business is able to create effective marketing strategies that are noted to have a great impact on the global recognition of the business' trademark. In the aspect of providing specific services to the public in exchange of personal gains mainly the profit, marketing plays an important role. Using effective marketing strategies, one can actually publicly discuss their intentions and the nature of their services to the society attracting prospective clients willingly to avail it as an answer to their respective needs. One of the most important elements to be considered in marketing services in the public is the aspect of pricing. Pricing basically identify one's offered services apart from the others. This concept, if used properly, can be a significant advantage of the one offering or a detrimental factor to the public identity of the person or corporation offering the service. Thus, the important elements regarding pricing must always be considered in effectively applying this approach. In the aspect of pricing, one must always consider competition with the general group and with the other entities offering the same service. The established price must be competitive to that of the others with an attractive nature with the general public to convert them to prospective clients. The price must cater to the public giving them the capability to acknowledge and utilize the service being offered by that of the specific servicing entity. Another element is the quality wherein the price can significantly stand as a marketing agent for the quality of the service. The price should be established not too low to be viewed as a low quality service but not too high to become an expansive mean of acquiring the said service. The price must be determined in the middle signifying that it is commensurable to a high-quality service in the cheapest possible approach. In addition, the price must also be established as appropriately synchronize with the present economic condition and pref erence of the society making it highly noticeable in the present market. In determining the effective price in the aspect of marketing services in the public, one must critically consider the important elements such as economic competition, quality identity, current market trends, and the public preferences regarding the service being offered. With a significant consideration of the said concept, servicing companies can establish an

Psychotherapies Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Psychotherapies - Thesis Example This is based on the fact that interactions in nature can help a person become rooted in their own ancestral, biological, innate self. A closer relationship with the natural world is like "coming home," and such interaction deconstructs the industrial and cultural self and brings the individual back to a closer understanding of essentials. People's desire for nature is linked not only to their direct exploitation of the environment, but also to the influence of the natural world on our emotions and spiritual predisposition. Edward Wilson (1984) suggested that human identity and progress depend on the relationship with nature. The hypothesis that he asserted is that the human propensity to affiliate with non -human living organisms is genetically based. Wilson's work in the field of biophilia provides a framework by which a new discipline can be mapped towards a more thorough understanding of the human relationship with nature. The background of ecotherapy is linked to theorists that include Carl Jung and reflect the variety of different types of ecotherapy and perceptions about their value. While there has been a considerable amount of research into ecotherapy and its impacts, the value of specific methods for ecotherapy has been at the center of debates in the therapeutic community. For example, supporters of human-pet therapies maintain that this method is valuable in bringing an individual into closer understanding of the natural world and the interrelation between man and animal. Critics, though, argue that humans sometimes seek out pets and humanize them, creating compliant little "people" instead of creating a relationship with nature (June McNicholas, et al. 2005; James Serpell, 2000). As a result, assessments of the existing methods for ecotherapy should be related through a view of the current literature, and should reflect both the supporters and critics of the different ecotherapy options. Severe environmental issues such as deforestation, tacitly suggest that we are losing our relationship with nature. In addition, oppressive economic conditions predispose people to be more susceptible to all sorts of distresses. Therefore, it will be argued in this paper that people must strengthen their relationship with nature and that this connection should be fully integrated as a therapeutic practice. The fundamental concept of ecotherapy and its therapeutic power states that in order for us to heal ourselves and reconnect to our inner voice, we have to reconnect to nature (Howard Clinebell, 1996).Establish the thesis statement. It is the primary thesis of this paper that people have the potential to overcome their personal distress. What is more, they can dissolve the defensive separation between spirit, mind, and body through the mutual connection between their inner values and the environment. Therefore, physical healing, psychological problem solving, and spiritual awareness can unite under one experience. Sophia Adamson and Ralph Metzner (1988) suggested that the Western societies usually deal with their psychological problems in a rational and socially beneficial way and stated that the traditional procedure follows a medical model that includes drug treatments administered on a regular schedule. The bond between doctor and patient is isolated and restricted.

Summarization essay on The Monkey's Paw by Edgar Allen Poe

Summarization on The Monkey's Paw by Edgar Allen Poe - Essay Example Men, women and families gather together waiting for the lottery to start. Mr. .Summers and Mr. Graves, the postmaster arrives in the square carrying a black box. Mr. Summer is responsible for administering the lottery as he is always willing to do a lot for the village and has ample time to carry this out. This black box he carries is not the original one used by their ancestors as it was lost even before the birth of old Warner. Although this one is worn out and Mr. Summers recommend that it should be changed, nobody has the courage to deceive around the tradition. Nevertheless he is able to use paper instead of the traditional wood chips. These slips of paper are made by Mr. Summer and Mr. Grave last night and for safety locked in a coal factory owned by Mr. Summers. A list of all the people in the village is prepared and Mr. Summers is taken under an oath. Some villagers recall that in the old times, there used to be a song and salutation but these customs have been missing now. Before starting the lottery it is assured that everybody is present. Tessie Hutchinson forgets that today was the day of the lottery and joins her family in haste; she is laughed upon by the crowd. Old Warner’s presence is assured too. The regulations of the lottery are repeated to the crowd. Mr. Summers will read the names of the head of the family and that person will come forward to draw the slip. As the individuals starts to do so he meets everyone and exchange greetings. Nobody is allowed to see the paper until everyone has had his turn. When Old Warner is told by Mr. Adam that villagers of the north town might stop the lottery, he becomes agitated and says that this could guide them to primitives and would bring them trouble. Everyone look at their slips of paper as soon as Mr. Summers stop calling names. In a couple of minutes it is known that Bill Hutchinson has gotten it. Tessie

The Scream Essay Example for Free

The Scream Essay â€Å"I was walking along a path with two friends-the sun was setting-suddenly the sky turned blood red-I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned on the fence-there was blood and tongues of fire above the blue-black fjord and the city-my friends walked on, and I stood there trembling with anxiety-and sensed an infinite scream passing through the nature† (Munch qtd. in Fineman). These were the words of the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch who, after a stroll along a road in Oslo, was inspired by his visionary experience and managed to come up with the world-renowned painting, â€Å"The Scream. † Munch’s work became one of the most recognizable art forms in history and was regarded as one of the most contemporary cultural icons. The art became much popular because of the parodies and copies that were reproduced and have appeared on various objects such as t-shirts, key-chains, mouse pads, coffee mugs, and even became a favorite subject for tattoos (Fineman). see more:essay pt3 english The scream is well known as a lithograph that was finished in 1895. However, before the final version came to its final touches, the scream was the result of a process of evolutions. Edvard Munch painted four versions of The Scream, all of which were done in 1893. The earliest trace of the art form was done out of a single drawing on a cardboard, and the final form was done as an oil painting (Taylor 176). The Scream was a part of Munch’s most important expressionist painting series, â€Å"The Frieze of life† which he produced during 1890’s. According to researchers, the â€Å"Frieze of life† series centers on the artist’s usual theme such as love, darkness, death, and anxiety. The latter was evident in his most famous painting which is The Scream (Porter and Prince 116-117). Aside from being the most popular painting of Edvard Munch, The Scream is also considered as the most famous painting of Norway. Yet, it is also said to be the most vulnerable among the many artworks in the world because The Scream has been the object of theft twice. The Scream Theft 1994 During the onset of the Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, the National Art Museum in Oslo was robbed with its most important piece of art, The Scream. According to reports, two men climbed in a ladder and smashed one of the windows in the museum’s gallery and immediately stole the painting. The thieves used a wire cutter in order to remove the painting from the wall. Shortly after stealing the painting, the two men fled from the scene, leaving behind the cutters and the short ladder. The whole incident was caught by the museum’s security camera. During that time, Knut Berg, the director of the museum, pointed out that the exact value of the painting was impossible to be agreed upon, and it is also impossible to be sold (British Broadcasting Corporation [BBC]). Based from documents, the alarm of the museum went off at around 6:30 local time. This alerted the security guard who immediately called upon the authorities. Police officers started searching for a Mercedes vehicle which was thought as the getaway vehicle of the thieves. Speculations were made that the thieves were somehow connected to the Olympic events, and the theft was pulled by campaigners as a publicity stunt. Due to the incident, the art museum received criticisms for the lack of security. It was found that Munch’s masterpiece was originally placed in the first floor of the museum which was said to be more secured. However, The Scream was then placed at the museum’s ground floor for exhibition and as a highlight for the Norwegian Culture Festival, which was done as a part of the Winter Olympics (BBC). According to sources, a Norwegian anti-abortion group initially claimed that they were responsible for stealing the painting. However, authorities doubted their claim and continued the search for the missing masterpiece. In March 1994, the gallery received a ransom demand from the thieves. The perpetrators demanded for  £700,000 equivalent to $1,000,000 in exchange of The Scream. The board members of the gallery as well as the Norwegian government refused to pay because of the uncertainty of whether the demand was genuine or not. Two months after the gallery received the ransom demand and through the cooperation of Norwegian and British police, the painting was recovered unscathed. The painting was found in a hotel room located at a seaside town outside of Oslo. It was said that the area of recovery was the place where Edvard Munch created most of his masterpieces. By 1996, four men were arrested and convicted from stealing Edvard Munch’s most important version of â€Å"The Scream† (BBC). The Scream Theft 2004 In August 22, 2004, another version of The Scream was stolen at the Edvard Munch Museum. The armed and masked thieves barged in at the said museum in broad daylight. Eventually, the robbers ripped The Scream and another of Munch’s painting, â€Å"The Madonna,† from the gallery’s wall right in front of the stunned visitors and museum staffs. The robbers hurriedly loaded the art pieces into a vehicle. Hours after the incident, Oslo police recovered the get away car as well the paintings’ frames (Associated Press [AP]). According to reports, the museum was lightly guarded, and the police who immediately responded to the scene received tips from different people. The event led to a nationwide hunt for the missing artworks. Specific motives were unclear. However, experts claimed that the paintings must have been stolen for the thieves to demand ransom or to serve as a â€Å"trophy robbery† in order to impress other art thieves and criminals, yet no words were heard from the thieves (AP). Just like The Scream heist in 1994, The Scream version in Edvard Munch Museum has no set price. According to John Oeyaas, the managing director of Oslo Forsikring, the company which insured the paintings against damage, the work of Munch was not insured against burglary. Apart from this, Oeyaas noted that the artworks were irreplaceable and were impossible to be sold. Thus, insurance of an artwork is nothing because the loss of an irreplaceable piece cannot be compensated by anything (AP). In May 2006, three men were arrested and were found guilty of stealing the two paintings. A court in Norway pressed the verdict against the perpetrators. The thieves were identified as Peter Tharaldsen, who was the driver behind the heist, Bjoern Hoen, identified as the theft mastermind, and Stian Skjod, one of the gunmen who barged in the museum. Tharalsden and Hoen were both sentenced for nine years in prison while Skjold received five years of imprisonment. The other gunman died from drug overdose in that same year (â€Å"Scream Thieves†) Three months after the arrest of the thieves, the Olso police retrieved Munch’s two paintings. Both the items had minor marks and tears but were totally in good condition. By September of 2006, The Scream, alongside The Madonna, was once again exhibited and was later on restored in the museum with the protection of heavy glass boxes (BBC). It is evident that Edvard Munch’s the scream is one of the most important art pieces of today. Likewise, it serves as an inspiration for many artists and continuously pervades the popular culture (Porter and Prince 117). The Scream is one of the few artworks that truly expresses and discusses the meaning of anxiety in life. As such, this fragile piece of art has been so popular that after two times of becoming the object of theft, it was able to scream for escape and survived the ordeal to be seen by people who truly appreciate the depths of life. Works Cited Associated Press. â€Å"Munch’s famous ‘Scream,’ ‘Madonna’ stolen.† MSNBC. 23 August 2004. 08 October 2008 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5787000/#storyContinued. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). â€Å"1994: Art thieves snatch scream.† BBC News. 12 February 2008. 08 October 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/12/newsid_3591000/35919 94.stm. Fineman, Mia. â€Å"Existential Superstar: Another look at Edvard Munch’s The Scream.† Slate. 22 November 2005. 08 October 2008 http://www.slate.com/id/2130897/. Porter, Darwin and Danforth Prince. Frommer’s Norway. Norway: Frommer’s, 2007. Taylor, Mark. Tears. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1990. â€Å"The Scream Thieves Jailed.† Art News Blog. 24 April 2007. 08 October 2008 http://www.artnewsblog.com/2007/04/scream-thieves-jailed.htm.

The Coming of Age Essay Example for Free

The Coming of Age Essay Childhood is a time where children learn about the world around themselves. They see and experience many factors that influence their everyday lives, which help them grow stronger when they become adults. In â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid and â€Å"The Lesson† by Toni Cade Bambara the characters within the stories learn valuable lesson with help them grow to become better individuals. In â€Å"The Lesson† the character of Sugar undergoes a realization that society does not treat everyone equally, that not every individual has the same opportunity and equality that they should have. In â€Å"Girl† the main character learns that she must be perceived as a woman and not as a slut, her mother brings to her attention of how the world is and what she must to do in order to survive in it. Lessons that children learn all help them grow to become better individuals, in â€Å"Girl† and â€Å"The Lesson† the lessons that the characters learn both help them grow to become better and stronger individuals. In â€Å"The Lesson† the character, Sugar undergoes a realization of the world around her, through her teacher Miss Moore, Sugar notices that there is a better way of living in the world besides, her own little world with her friends. Sugar says, â€Å"You know, Miss Moore, I don’t think that all of us here put together eat in a year what that sailboat costs,† (Bambara 452). Miss Moore is an African American woman who has broken through the expectation that society has placed on her class and on her color. Bambara presents Miss Moore as a very educated and intelligent woman, who has a college degree. With her knowledge Miss Moore sets out to educate the deprived and lower classed children and teach them of the world around them. She sets out to open their eyes, as well as their knowledge of the world around them. Miss Moore says, â€Å"Imagine for a minute what kind of society it is in which some people can spend on a toy what it would cost to feed a family of six or seven. What do you think? ,† (Bambara 452). Sugar’s realization of the world outside of her own, opens her mind to many questions that she never imagined before. She realizes that there is a better standard of living in the world and that society is not equal, as it should be, â€Å"I think, . . . that this is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough, don’t it? ,† (Bambara 452). In this quotation Sugar realizes what Miss Moore set out to teach the lower classed and deprived children, her goal was to open their eyes and make them aware of how much more there is out there then making pocket change. â€Å"What kinda work they do and how they live and how come we ain’t in on it? Where we are is who we are, Miss Moore always pointin out. But it don’t necessarily have to be that way, she always adds then waits for somebody to say that poor people have to wake up and demand their share of the pie and place,† (Bambara 452). With her eyes wide open and with her mind curious and educated, Sugar and her friends realize that in order for them to get some where in life they have to work at it, but not as in individual but as a whole, a class. The only way for them to make a difference to change societies view of their class and become part of the rest of societies. In â€Å"Girl† Kincaid lists a series of orders from a mother to a daughter in such a way that the characters’ lives are illuminated and transformed by the mundane household details. The â€Å"Girl† is more of a gender type of a story, but there is also a lesson that needs to be realized by the girl. In this story the mother of this girl is her teacher, she tells her daughter of how the world is around her, just like Miss Moore in â€Å"The Lesson. † The mother in this story tries to make her daughter realize that he needs to be viewed as a woman within society. Who or what the daughter is on the inside can be for herself, but on the outside she cannot let her actions give and impression that she is a slut to society. The mother says, â€Å"this is how you smile to someone you like completely; this is how you set a table for tea; . . . this is how to behave in the presence of men who don’t know you very well, and this way they won’t recognize immediately the slut I have warned you against becoming, . . . † (Kincaid 33). As this story progresses the mother lists various chores and behaviors she must do in order for her to remain a woman and not be viewed as a slut, â€Å"be sure to wash everyday, . . . don’t squat down to play marbles-you are not a boy, you know, . . . † (Kincaid 33). In this story the girl wishes to rebel against what her mother wishes for her to do, but she dose not wish to be viewed as a slut, if she doesn’t do everything her mother has taught her. Mother says, â€Å"this is how to make ends meet; always squeeze bread to make sure it’s fresh; but what is the baker won’t let me feel the bread? ; you mean to say that after all you are really going to be the kind of woman who the baker won’t let near the bread? ,† (Kincaid 34). In this story an issue of gender arises, where a girl needs to be taught how to become a woman and not be viewed as a slut. The daughter in â€Å"Girl† wants to rebel against her mother and not be viewed as a slut to society, therefore hoping that society will not look down upon her, if she does not do everything that the mother has taught her that she must do. In the stories of the â€Å"Girl† and â€Å"The Lesson† different lessons are learned, but the common realization of the world around them is learned by the characters and how each of the characters must learn to rebel against societies views. This realization helps them grow smarter and stronger as they grow older and come of age, from childhood to adulthood. Society has set standards for individuals to live by, but it is up to those individuals to break away, or live by the standards and views of society. â€Å"It is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough,† (Bambara 452). In reality, society has set standards for everyone to live by. Those who break away from it are look down upon if they fail, but if they succeed they are praised by, this may be the only way to change societies views of gender, class, and race; it is by succeeding in everything that you do.

Effective Leadership Strategies in the NHS

Effective Leadership Strategies in the NHS The emphasis on leadership in the National Health Service (NHS) Plan has been one of the most important priorities for nurses and their health professional colleagues. Leadership throughout organisation and across the whole health economy is viewed fundamental for implementing and sustaining change (Department of Health (DH 2002).The NHS Plan clearly articulates the need to modernise the healthcare service with the intention to improve publics health (DH 2000). The goal of public health is to fulfil societys interest in assuring conditions in which population can be healthy through organised efforts and informed choice. To achieve this, the NHS requires dynamic intelligent leaders at all levels of the organisation. The following paragraphs attempts to critically discuss how effective leadership strategies can contribute to the delivery of high quality health within contemporary public health through health protection in combating infectious diseases. Additionally, the paper presents a definition of public health, health protection, and leadership. Some leadership contemporary theories are examined before considering which theory is relevant to health protection and provides a rationale for choice. Key leadership competencies such as vision, communication and creating the environment will be outlined and discussed. The term Public health is defined as the science and art of preventing diseases, prolong life and promoting good health and well being through organised efforts and effective leadership skills (Rowitz 2009). The concept is concerned with the health of the population rather than individuals. It has been stated, that public health is not just dealing with illness, and looks at the impact on health of social, economic, political and environmental factors but also acknowledges human behaviour. Public health correlates with health protection. Both concepts play an integral role in protecting health of general public through effective leadership strategy such as prevention and emergency planning. As a consequent, reducing potential threats to health which includes infectious diseases both communicable or non communicable diseases, and environmental hazards such as chemical or radiation exposures. Furthermore, protecting the health of the public has emerged as a distinct area of practice as well as top priority on the government agenda (Reference). WHAT IS LEADERSHIP Leadership is imperative for the NHS to sustain success in Public health. Leadership is a very complex multidimensional concept and has been defined in various ways. The concept leadership and what makes an effective leader has evoked strong debates in the late 1970s and 1980s (Tamkin et al 2010). In addition, it was at this time that theorists started to defined leadership. From the wealth of available literature there appeared to be several common features central to the phenomenon of leadership. Leadership is a process (Bass 1990), involves influence, occurs within group context, involves goal attainment and leadership exist at all level (Northouse 2001). In other words leadership is seen as unifying people around values, constructing the social world for others around those values and helping people to mobilise change (Stanley 2009). Management and leadership Cook (2004) has found that leadership and management are two concepts that are used interchangeably. However, these words describe two different concepts (Day 2001). Leadership is a process which is similar to management. Both functions involve working with people. While management have to do with providing order and consistency in organisations; leadership produces change. On the other hand, Cannella and Monroe (1997) argued the difference distinction between leaders and manager are narrowing. Emotional intelligence In order to demonstrate and maintain effective leadership characteristics an individual has to utilise emotional intelligence. Furthermore research on emotion intelligence has confirmed that this concept is what differentiate the good from outstanding leader Goleman (2000) thinks that leaders who developed emotional intelligence becomes aware of the emotions of others and are more likely to promote a healthy working environment. Gould (2000), further argued that leaders who show characteristics associated with emotional intelligence are more likely to have a positive impact on staffs. Thus this will contribute to the delivery of high quality public health which could improve organisation outcomes. There are several types contemporary theories of leadership such as the trait theories style theories and contingency theories. The trait theory developed from the great man theory assumes that effective leaders are born not made. This derives from the belief that there is a common set of trait of successful leaders. This theory provides foundation for considering the traits require of a leader. This theory is likely to be rejected by many people. Shaw (2007) argued that the trait approach is limited because the context in which leadership take place is not acknowledge. In contrast, the contingency theory which is based on situational theory argues that the effectiveness of leadership style depends on the particular situation and that leaders are more effective when they are able to change their style to adapt to different situations (Bolden et al 2003). The essence that underpinning this theory is that there is no single best style of leadership approach and that different situation will require different style of leadership (Bolden et al 2003) which is important in todays health service. For instant should an emergency situation arise, the leader would demonstrate autocratic leadership skill rather that participative. Effectiveness correlates with transactional and transformational leadership. Transformational leaders use transactional leadership strategies as well to be effective and this combination corresponds closely to ideal leadership (Lowe, Kroeck Sivasubramaniam, 1996). Transactional theories Also, emotional intelligence has a strong connection with transformational leadership. Transformation leaders are well suited to todays fast changing health care environment where adaptation is extremely important. Within this leadership theory there is an emphasis on empowerment and the development of potential for the achievement of long term goals (Shaw 2007), through mobilisation in order to make change (Bolden et al 2003). Recent research states that transformational leadership style is positively associated with higher employee satisfaction and better performance thus would improve public health. According to Taylor (2009) it is possible to use transformation leadership skills within a transaction setting. On the other hand, transactional leadership is concerned with influencing others to achieve goals through rules corrective actions, and contingent rewards (Burn 1978 and Bass 1999). Transactional leader avoids risks, is result focused, not flexible and adaptive to situations. It could be said that the environment in which the NHS operates lends itself to transactional leadership for the achievement of targets, performance management and impact of competency or outcomes. Whereas, transformational leaders are creative, innovative, takes risks and influences and inspires others.. For this reason, many theorists in leadership theory advocate transformational approach in organisation to enable people and organisation to achieve their fullest potential. Leadership styles Theorist have indentified many different leadership styles. Firstly the trait theory as known as great man theory identifies characteristic that such as intellect, personality and class. The can be considered as genetic influences. Tamkin agrees that it is very difficult to teach people the traits they need but says that some of these can be learned. Some forms of management training, an example of this is psychometric profiling as this will give staffs an insight into what they are like and what might be areas for improvement Discussion health work environment As the shortage of nurses increases and resources remain limited leadership in the NHS setting has become a topical point for discussion. Thus organisations are searching for ways to create a healthy work environment in attempt to recruit and more importantly retain staff. Tamkin et al (2010) argued in their report that outstanding leaders are also able to see things holistically. Tamkin et al 2010 adds. outstanding leaders act in a way that makes a difference to the immediate recipient and they also think about how this will impact on the organization; that is to say, creating a good atmosphere in the workplace will not only affect staff but feed through to the public. This can be achieved through flexibility, trust and respect. Support, consideration and motivation are also some of the characteristics of an effective leader which correlate with transformational leadership. Furthermore Tamkin et al (2010) confirms that flexibility trust and respect are the corner stone of effective leadership. Such leadership characteristics are the key thus, can result in positive outcomes and therefore a healthier work environment. Communication Many of the problems that occur in an organization are the direct result of people failing to communicate. Leadership has its corner stone, the ability to communicate.ÂÂ   When theÂÂ   word communicate used, it is referring not only to the words one uses to transferÂÂ   factual information to others, but also to other messages that are sent andÂÂ   received.ÂÂ   The purpose of communication in an organisation is to make agreements on what action is going to be taken to achieve the desired outcomes to create results of shared vision. The NHS need to create an effective communication cultures within it organisation to sustain success. In fact Tamkins et al (2010) points out that, listening may be the single most powerful skill of communication because it is an act of respect and valuing others. Being a good listener enables individuals to understand where each team members are coming from and analyze how each individual thinks. Communication correlates with pro ductivity, profitability, public satisfaction and employee retention. Effective communication is a key to bring confidence and trust among employee. Effective communication skills are therefore essential. Effective communication needs to be straightforward in order to aid and understanding (Tamkin et al 2010). Tamkin et al (2010) illustrates some essential aspects of communication, slowing the thoughts processes, increasing understanding, testing conclusion, listening constructively, getting to the essence of things and exploring areas of disagreement. This indicates that, to be an effective leader one has to understand all the factors that influences communication which transform into effective message in order to address current public health issues such as infectious diseases (Rowitz 2009). Conclusion Effective leadership is essential if the health service is to modernise and provide improvement through health protection and public health. The leadership qualities required in modern health care service derive from transformational leadership theory and include the ability to motive and influence others to produce change to provide high standard of care for patients and a harmonious working environment for staff. Leadership provides vision and mobilisation to achieve goal. In essence, for organisation to run effectively including the NHS there need to be leadership and management. While leaders develop and articulate strategic vision to produce change and move organisations forward managers co ordinates to ensure that the job gets done. One thing that is certain is that change will always be a part of the NHS and learning how to work within this culture to the benefit of the public will remain a priority. Leadership describes the ability to influence, motivate and enable members of an organisation to contribute to the effectiveness and success of the organisation. Leadership is valued in the healthcare setting, especially when it helps to achieve goals that are beneficial to protecting health, such as the enactment of effective preventive- health policies. Most importantly, individuals with effective leadership qualities can foster a culture of cooperation which may improve public health. Thus, it is evident that meaning of leadership and management are noticably different. Indeed some managers may dislike the distinction, because it illustrates that managers are not leaders, however leaders are actual managers (Machie1987). Seeing the bigger picture Outstanding leaders recognise the interconnected nature of their organisations and act accordingly. Understanding that talk is work Outstanding leaders talk to staff to find out what motivates them and how they can boost enthusiasm. Giving time and space to others Outstanding leaders allow people more freedom and influence over the work they do. Growing through performance Outstanding leaders invest in their workforce and use challenges presented to encourage growth, learning and engagement. Putting we before me Outstanding leaders work hard on team spirit, shared decision-making, collaborative working and forming strong bonds between teams. In short leadership should be trustworthy.

The Scop (beowulf) :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

The Scop After Julius Caesar lay claim to Englisyou do not want to receive this notification, click the Options link on the top horizontal menu bar. On the Options page, click the Preferences link. Scroll down to the Confirm Sent Messages option and select Noh soil, the Britons were subject the Northern coasts remained to become settlers and tillers of the soil, and Anglo-Saxon part of the Anglo-Saxon body of folklore and legend. It was not long until various warrior-kings had a â€Å"singer†, or scop attached to their courts who could recite and sing a body or oral literature- particularly about the warrior-king’s glorious deeds. In the late sixth century, Augustine came to England at the request of Pope Gregory. Gregory advised his monks not to disrupt England’s pagan customs, but to proceed with conversion gradually. Consequently, the question arises concerning whether Beowulf resulted from the traditions handed down by the scops, or whether the poem was a product of the monasteries. Some critics claim that it is an amalgam of both elements. Since the poet gives us a valuable portrait of the scop in all, they reason, the scop had a storehouse of old folktales, legenyou do not want to receive this notification, click the Options link on the top horizontal menu bar. On the Options page, click the Preferences link. Scroll down to the Confirm Sent Messages option and select Nods, and heroic deeds performed by great heroes of the past. Hrothgar’s scop was able to sing Beowulf’s praises the day following the defeat of Grendel, and in the song, he includes the older â€Å"Lay of Sigemund†. The scop’s purpose was to honor his noble patron or others who past and be able to sing them at the pride of the tribe depended upon a long genealogy of heroes. Additionally, the scop defined the moral values of his society by singing about heroes and about those who acted in non-heroic ways. His songs endorsed models of behavior. By example, he taught that certain actions were profitable to the group, and and criticized those who failed to perform according to the expectations of the group. course, do not recognize the code which includes the wergild option. The Scop After Julius Caesar lay claim to English soil, the Britons were subject to numerous invasions, mostly from Scandinavian tribes to the north of England. Many Scandinavian tribes who raided the Northern coasts remained to become settlers and tillers of the soil, and Anglo-Saxon society continued to be reasonably well organized, aristocratic, and of folklore and legend.

The Psychological Affects of the Holocaust :: European Europe History

The Psychological Affects of the Holocaust The Holocaust was a tragic point in history which many people believe never happened. Others who survived it thought it should never have been. Not only did this affect the people who lived through it, it also affected everyone who was connected to those fortunate individuals who survived. The survivors were lucky to have made it but there are times when their memories and flashbacks have made them wish they were the ones who died instead of living with the horrible aftermath. The psychological effects of the Holocaust on people from different parts such as survivors of Israel and survivors of the ghettos and camps vary in some ways yet in others are profoundly similar. The vast number of prisoners of various nationalities and religions in the camps made such differences inevitable. Many contrasting opinions have been published about the victims and survivors of the holocaust based on the writers' different cultural backrounds, personal experiences and intelectual traditions. Therefo re, the opinions of the authors of such books and entries of human behavior and survival in the concentration camps in Nazi-occupied Europe are very diverse. The Survivors of the Holocaust: General Survey Because the traumatization of the Holocaust was both individual and collective, most individuals made efforts to create a "new family" to replace the nuclear family that had been lost. In order for the victims to resist dehumanization and regression and to find support, the members of such groups shared stories about the past, fantasies of the future and joint prayers as well as poetry and expressions of personal and general human aspirations for hope and love. Imagination was an important means of liberation from the frustrating reality by opening an outlet for the formulation of plans for the distant future, and by spurring to immediate actions. Looking at the history of the Jewish survivors, from the beginning of the Nazi occupation until the liquidation of the ghettos shows that there are common features and simmilar psychophysiological patterns in their responses to the persecutions. The survivors often experienced several phases of psychosocial response, including attempts to actively master the traumatic situation, cohesive affiliative actions with intense emotional links, and finally, passive compliance with the persecutors. These phases must be understood as the development of special mechanisms to cope with the tensions and dangers of the surrounding horrifying reality of the Holocaust. There were many speculations that survivors of the Holocaust suffered from a static concentration camp syndrome.

The Role Of Safety Management On Personal Information

Safety management describes a process of protection from any harm. It also describes the countermeasures put in place by that process. Harm may indicate a loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Safety management focuses on preventing harm resulting from both random acts of nature and intentional strategic actions (Schechter, 2004). Safety management is a major concern in today's digital era. The Internet offers a low cost, but insecure means of reaching people. Owing to the ubiquity of the Internet, it is difficult to control and trace intrusions or attacks by unauthorized people, hackers, etc. Electronic commerce applications need secure mechanisms for accurate user identification, accessing sensitive database, storing and transmitting sensitive information, etc. Personal identification numbers (PINs), passwords, smart cards and digital certificates are some of the means normally used for this purpose. However, these means do not really identify a person, but only knowledge of some data or belonging of some determined object (Sanchez-Reillo et al. 1999), e. g. public key infrastructure (PKI) cannot assure identity of the maker of a transaction, it can only identify the maker's computer. An imposter can easily masquerade as a legitimate user and defraud the system. Information must be readily available in organizations for making decisions to support the organizational mission. Murphy, Boren, and Schlarman (2000) state that due to increased connectivity and the urgency to exchange information and data among partners, suppliers, and customers on a real time basis, the need to protect and secure computer resources is greater than ever. As a result, this has created the possibility of exposing sensitive corporate information to competitors as well as hackers who can now access organizational computer resources from remote sites. The potential loss of such information to an organization goes beyond financial losses and includes the possibility of corrupted data, denial of services to suppliers, business partners and customers, loss of customer confidence, and lost sales. Security in business processes (i. e. , maintaining proper authentication, authorization, non-repudiation, and privacy) is critical to successful e-business operations. Enabling business functions over the Internet has been recognized as a major component for the success of businesses and, by mitigating risks in a cost-effective manner, security is now being viewed as a component of business operations (Deise, Nowikow, King, & Wright, 2000). Decisions about information systems made by managers are vital to the success, and even survival, of a firm (Enns, Huff, & Golden, 2003). Despite increased security threats, organizations have traditionally allocated very little of the total IT budget to information security. Forrester Research estimates that in Fortune 500 companies, the average amount of money as a percent of revenue that is spent on IT security is 0. 0025 percent or slightly less than what they spend on coffee (Clarke, 2002). Organizations must evaluate and prioritize the optimum mix of products and services to be deployed for protecting confidentiality (maintaining privacy of information), integrity (maintaining information is not altered in transit), and availability (maintaining access to information and resources) of corporate assets. The decision to deploy certain technology is based on variables such as the organizational business model, level of risk, vulnerability, cost, and return on investment (Highland, 1993). There are several ways in which information can be protected. One method to safeguard information is by using controls. The concept of controls can be applied to financial auditing as well as technical computer security. General controls include personnel, physical and organizational controls as well as technical security services and mechanisms (Summers, 1997). Computer security controls can be hardware or software-based and may include biometric devices, anti-virus software, smart cards, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems that can be used to build the enterprise security infrastructure. Additionally, these controls may be preventive, detective, or corrective. In the area of information safety management, research has often lagged practice. Dhillon & Blackhouse (2001) have stressed the need for â€Å"more empirical research to develop key principles for the prevention of negative events and therefore to help in the management of security. Despite known vulnerabilities in applications and operating systems, companies continue to deploy software to stay competitive, and steps taken to secure products and services are knee-jerk reactions to media stories that are more reactive than proactive in nature. Most IT managers lack a coherent framework and concrete methodology for achieving enterprise security. A security plan that includes t echnology, personnel, and policies would be a much better approach to developing an enterprise security strategy. One such model is the Enterprise security Framework Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC) model. The PWC model is comprehensive because it addresses the entire enterprise of security architecture. The model emphasizes information security strategies within the organization using a holistic rather than apiecemeal approach. The framework is based on four pillars: security vision and strategy, senior management commitment, information security management structure, and training and awareness. Within the pillars are decision drivers, development, and implementation phases. Firewalls are placed in the development phase since they are used to provide interpretation of corporate standards at the technical level. For a detailed discussion of the PWC model, the reader is referred to Murphy, Boren, and Schlarman (2000). Firewalls can be considered a last line of defense in protecting and securing information systems. Wood (1988) provided a context for information security systems planning and proposed that reactive and incremental improvement approaches to address security are harbingers of a more serious problem. Other factors identified in Wood's model are the lack of top management support, information overload, insufficient staffing, and limited resources. Straub and Welke (1998) advocate using deterrence, prevention, detection, and recovery security action cycle to mitigate systems risk and use prioritized security controls. Data on computer crimes is often under-reported because companies are not willing to risk public embarrassment and bad publicity. Most companies choose to handle these incidents internally without keeping documentation or reporting to local, state or federal authorities (Saita, 2001). There is a need for unbiased empirical studies in the information security area that will provide insight into problems affecting today's technology dependent corporations and industries. With a strong need to collect and analyze computer security data, the CSI/FBI Computer Crime and security Survey is published yearly (see http:// www. gocsi. com). This study provides descriptive statistics but does not attempt to identify relationship between variables, as is expected in analytical surveys. Also, results reported in this annual survey have been identified by the publishers themselves to be potentially misleading due to the limited number of respondents and their accuracy as a result of anonymous nature of the surveys. These results have also been called into question because of lack of statistical or scholarly rigor and self-serving interest (Heiser, 2002). Despite these limitations, the CSI/FBI survey provides a useful role in comparison of yearly data for similar parameters. The area of human computer interface provides a link between the user and software applications. User satisfaction is a function of features, user interface, response time, reliability, â€Å"installability,† information, maintainability, and other factors. If a product's user interface catches a user's attention and is simple to learn and use, and has the right price and features, then the product may gain competitive advantage† (Torres, 2002, p. 15). The theory of user interface design and user involvement in completing task-based actions related to Internet and security software has been substantiated by two studies in which user interaction with peer-to-peer software (Good & Kerkelberg, 2002), and PGP softwa re (Whitten & Tygar, 1999) were examined. Good and Krekelberg (peer-to-peer study) found that applications connecting to the Internet need better usability and software design to maintain integrity of information stored on a user's computer. In this study, individuals assumed responsibility of keeping firewalls operational at all times. This contributed in large part to maintaining effective enterprise security. Whitten and Tygar (PGP study) found that user errors are a significant portion of computer security failures, and further concluded that user interfaces for security programs require a usability standard much different from other consumer software. Although this study is not directly concerned with user satisfaction, but is more focused on factors that affect deployment rather than development of end-user software in a specific area, some factors may be directly tied to user satisfaction as will be shown by correlational analysis). Due to increasing mobile and off-site access by employees using cable modems, DSL conn ections, and wireless devices to access corporate resources, personal firewalls are a necessary component to maintain overall enterprise security in an organization. Because of the nature and availability of personal firewall software, most companies choose to acquire it rather than develop it in-house. Software acquisition that results in productivity gains and strategic advantage is of critical concern to organizations, and factors that relate to these benefits must be correctly identified and understood for software acquisition decisions (Nelson, Richmond, & Seidmann, 1996). Purchase of commercial software includes identifying requirements, evaluating packages from different vendors, configuring, installing, and evaluating it either as server or client-based solution. This may further involve requirements acquisition that leads to product selection (Maiden, Ncube, & Moore, 1997). As a method of selection, professionals in charge of evaluating personal firewall software could draft a feature requirements document, and evaluate vendor products by comparing available features as well as using demonstration versions of software. This would be followed by user experience with the software. As mentioned earlier, the need for user involvement in information systems has been considered an important mechanism for improving system quality and ensuring successful system implementation. It is further believed that the user's satisfaction with a system leads to greater system usage (Baroudi, Olson, & Ives, 1986). The requirements for software though must be as measurable as possible to enable product selection and may also use repertory grids in which stakeholders are asked for attributes applicable to a set of entities and values for cells in an entity-attribute matrix. This would produce representation of requirements in a standardized, quantifiable format amenable even to statistical analyses (Maiden, Ncube, & Moore, 1997). In relation to the security area, Goodhue and Straub (1991) found company actions and individual awareness to be statistically significant in a study of perceptions of managers regarding controls installed in organizations. The normalized safety factor provided a measure of relative strength of importance attached by factors to each statement on the scale used during sorting. As mentioned earlier, adherents in Factor 1 felt strongly in favor of statement 4 (Performance) and opposed statements 8 (Setup/configuration) and 5 (Installation). The results of Factor 2 are consistent with Factor 1, that is, Performance of the product is the highest rated criterion. ease-of-use also rated highly in Factors 1 and 2. The largest dissension between Factor 1 and 2 groups involved statements 9 (Availability of Online Help), 7 (Intrusion Reports generated), and 6 (Regular Product Updates). The most dissension between Factors 2 and 3 involved Statements 1 (Cost) and 3 (Ease-of-use). Results of Factor 3 were consistent with Factors 1 and 2, with Performance criteria once again being highly rated. The largest dissension between Factors 1 and 3 involved statements 1 (Cost), 3 (Ease-of-use), and 9 (Availability of Online Help). Extreme differences between all factors appeared in Cost, Intrusion Reports generated, and Availability of Online Help. There was only one statement, Performance of the product, that showed consensus among all factors; that is, it did not distinguish between any pair of factors, which indicates Performance of the desktop firewall software is an agreed upon criterion irrespective of group characteristics. The managerial implications of this study can be assessed at the level of selecting appropriate software for use on computers in organizations to maintain security. There is evidence of user satisfaction being a useful measure of system success (Mahmood et al. , 2000). While the end-user may not purchase individually preferred software for installation on company owned computers, the user can influence decisions for selection by making known to IS managers the features that would contribute to regular use of security software such as personal firewalls. Given access of these machines to corporate resources, appropriate and regular use of software would contribute to maintaining enterprise security. For technical professionals (e. g. , programmers) who install firewalls on their desktop, programs could emphasize the statements that are defining characteristics shown in Factor 3. For an industry that has non-technical professionals (such as Factor 1 and 2), other non-technical characteristics of the product could be emphasized thus achieving maximum effectiveness in program deployment. Increased awareness should minimize user related faults, nullify these in theory, and maximize the efficiency of security techniques and procedures from the user's point of view (Siponen, 2000). Due to project deadlines and market competition, software is often shipped without being fully tested as secure, and standard industry practice is to release incremental service packs that address security issues in the product. In a case of security software, this may adversely affect the reputation of a vendor once its products have been shown to have high vulnerability to being compromised. Knowledge on personal safety management could provide a better understanding of importance of personal firewall security software on organizational client computers. The decision to install an information system necessitates a choice of mechanisms to determine whether it is needed, and once implemented, whether it is functioning properly (Ives, Olson, & Baroudi, 1983). More research needs to be done in the area of selection of software for implementation on user's computers that are owned by corporations and given to employees for off-site work. This can include regular employees vs. contractors who may connect to employer and client networks from the same computer. If the findings are to have wider applicability, qualified industry professionals and security officers responsible for maintaining secure infrastructure in corporations should be included in the analysis. The study provides management and security professionals a basis for making decisions related to enterprise security. It provides personal firewall vendors an insight into feature requirements of the personal firewall market, and provides academic researchers interested in security, a more focused approach on various dimensions of security software from the behavioral perspective. Future studies could be industry and product specific in order to assess differences in selecting general-purpose software versus security specific products. In many cases, management has looked at the need for implementing information security programs and products as a necessary encumbrance, something akin to paying taxes or insurance premiums (Highland, 1993). But organizations are increasingly becoming aware of the potential for legal exposure via lawsuits, and are deploying countermeasures (such as personal firewalls) to reduce vulnerability and mitigate risk. The chief information security officer in today's organizations should have the responsibility of managing organizational risks by using empirical models and analysis to determine strategies for protecting corporate assets. Firewalls are the last line of defense in the corporate network and therefore play a critical role in information security. With personal firewalls being a new product genre, this study was conducted since there is no research available that specifically looks at determinants for selection of security software in a corporate environment to protect organizational assets. As the information security field evolves further, decisions for security software acquisitions need to be researched further. Selection and deployment of appropriate firewalls can make a significant difference in an organization's enterprise security strategy. It is therefore also important to understand the variables (as shown in this study) that may affect decisions to select and deploy personal firewall software in a corporate environment. It is recommended that in order to provide better evidence of factors that affect deployment of technology tools that create awareness of security issues and produce better informed employees, research into behavioral factors also needs to be conducted to gain insight into programs and processes that will lead to the development of a robust enterprise security strategy. Information security awareness research has been mostly descriptive and has not explored the possibilities offered by motivation/behavioral theories, or the related theory of planned behavior and the technology acceptance model, specifically in the information security domain (Mathieson, 1991 ; Siponen, 2000; Legris, Ingham, & Collerette, 2003). Since security has been deployed at the perimeter of electronic network and on servers by system administrators, the area of information security has ignored users of information systems since software developers are far removed from how the user will interact with security software. Human compliance with information security rules require an understanding of how people work and think (Highland, 1993). Lane (1985) considers the human factor to be the first and most important component of security and a critical part of the risk analysis process. This is especially true in personal firewall software since the burden of maintaining a secure environment is being shared by the user and the system administrator.

Contrast Media Procedures For Radiography Health And Social Care Essay

In the skiagraphy unit, contrast media ( centimeter ) is one of the agents who helped to better the truth of x-ray image of some x-ray scrutiny processs. In add-on. CM is a substance that is radio-opaque. This cause the contrast media was white on x-ray images. Contrast primary usage is to make the consequence of media images appropriate to the construction or the fluid in the organ basdan. Contrast media major intent of reexamining any pathology of the variety meats involved. Contrast media can be divided into two classs: positive and negative contrast media. In general, a positive contrast media to heighten the soaking up of X ray and displayed as white and grey ( rare ) . Less negative while x-ray soaking up and produces images that are dark and sometimes grey. The usage of contrast media are a few ways. Among them are, to present contrast media into the organic structure by injection through the venas, arterias and lympatic. Cantrast media can besides come in through the oral cavity and from the rectum. Examples of such compounds iodinated contrast positive and negative contrast as gas ( air ) or C dioxide. Among the processs affecting contrast media is IVU scrutiny, upper gastrointestinal system ( GIT ) , lower GI system, gall bladder and bilious canals and others. ivuaˆÂ ¦ . Intravenous urography ( I.V.U ) Introduction Urografi endovenous or better known as IVU mean radiographic scrutiny of the urinary system by utilizing contrast media to measure the map of the system. The intent of this review was to detect and measure the anatomical constructions that make up the urinary system seprti kidney, ureter, vesica and urethra, and Fungis such systems. In add-on, it besides seeks to measure the rate of elimination and soaking up of the urinary system itself. The size, form and place of soft tissue around the kidney will be seen on this scrutiny. Not merely that, but no pathology or disease, and breaks in the system awared radiographs taken. IVU endovenous urography which means radiographic scrutiny of the urinary system with a water-soluble contrast media to measure the map of the urinary system. This review is to show anatomy and measure the map of constructions that make up the system, such as kidney, ureter, urinary vesica and urethra. This scrutiny aims to measure the rate of elimination and soaking up of these constructions. In add-on, the size and place of soft tissue around the kidney will be shown. This cheque can besides place any pathology or upset of the system to the system through a series of radiogram taken. A As is good known, the usage of contrast media scrutiny of a solution incorporating iodine compounds. The solution was injected through a vena in the fossa antekubital antekubital the cubitus articulation. Contrast can be seen in both kidneys during the filtration procedure and can demo the ability to map. This scrutiny is merely 50-70 milliliter dijalanakan after injection. contrast media into the vena. Then a everyday X ray images are taken. This is normally called the IVU or IVP. Research is suggested for patients with jobs related to the urinary system. These trials show the kidney, womb and vesica. IVU is the appropriate trial for the probe of blood in the piss ( haematuria ) , skit in the genital and kidney rocks. Inventories are required depending on the state of affairs. If proving is required, readying is non required. However, if it is in conformity with the clip prescribed by the physician, patients are required to fast nightlong to clean the bowels. An agent ( drug ) to empty the intestine, and will be given on an assignment. If the patient has a history of asthma, allergic to iodine or a history of reactions to contrast media beriodin, medical specialty or other allergic reactions, or interpreter radiologist X ray should be informed. Indication i Growth in the venters or pelvic girdle i concretion in the kidney or ureter Renali Trauma Urinaryi shed blooding Renali Failure i Infection in the urinary system Contraindication i hypersensitivity in I Anuriai ( no piss elimination ) Multiplei myeloma Diabetesi mellitus Renali Disease congestivei bosom failure anmia reaping hook cell ( sickle cell anaemia ) i Pheochomocytoma ( renali tumours ) Inventories patients Take a laxative the dark before the scrutiny ofi two Eat a lowi berfiber i fasting 8 hours before periksaan i Information on the processs The contrast will be given merely after the patienti signed a consent signifier Drink plentifulness of H2O for bodyi kehidratan Patients should urinate before thei scrutiny instances instantly, bowel readying is noti required Equipment Kidney dishi Spiriti Velco tourniqueti i Sterile baseball mitt microporei ( plaster ) Contrast media types omnipaque: 180:50i milliliter Procedure At the clip of proving, the patient will lie on the table X ray. An X ray will be taken before the contrast medium injected into a vena. The radiotherapist will put a little acerate leaf on the arm venas. When the contrast medium injected into the vena, a individual may experience hot. That feeling will vanish shortly after the injection. X raies are taken and later, a force per unit area ring will be placed on the venters to demo a better nephritic systems. This will do the patient feels uncomfortable tetepi will non impact the patient ‘s external respiration. Radiographs ( x-ray ) will be taken. When the set released emphasized, patients need to empty the urinary vesica, and one more X raies are taken. Not all patients with caput memrlukan accent to the venters, depending on the shot obtained for the urinary system of a individual. Projection There are six projections to be taken: 1. Film prelim 2. Film immediate 3. 5 minute movie 4. 10 infinitesimal film ( compressed ) 5. Film release 6. Film post-mict Charge clip series projection objective 1 Preliminary KUB 35x43cm During the first patient to patient to see the intestine readying To place the place of the renal To find the exposure factor To see the pathological abnormalcies 2 Immediate 24x30cm movie and instantly upon after injection of contrast media to see the film nephrogram opasiti parekima system to measure nephritic and kidney after injection of contrast media 50 ml injection of contrast media, taken instantly after the injection is made To demo nephrogram stage of nephritic parenchyma showed 3 5 proceedingss 35x30cm KUB radiogram after 5 proceedingss of injection of contrast media to measure the secernment of contrast media in both nephritic To see the symmetricalness in the elimination of both kidneys Shows the system pelvic girdle The flow of contrast agent by the kidneys than A farther injection of contrast media may be less if opaksifikasi kidney 4 10 proceedingss with the force per unit area 24x30cm radiographic renal ( nephrogram ) after force per unit area for 10 proceedingss performed 15 proceedingss after injection system to show the pelvis-kalikseal Shows the pelvic girdle with contrast agent system Restrict the contrast medium into the ureter down 5 Release A Overall 35x43cm radiogram ( KUB ) after force per unit area is removed to show the urinary piece of land To see the flow of contrast medium make fulling the full ureter 6 Post micturation 35x43cm KUB radiogram is removed after the piss from the vesica ( after micturition ) To see the staying balance of contrast media in the urinary piece of land To see the ability of the ureter and vesica voidance Show any abnormalcy such as vesica tumour, divertikulum Patient attention after the process Ensure that patients in stablei status i Patient altering the original For the patient, back to the twenty-four hours carei unit For the patient, back to the wardi Discussions: Why might necessitate endovenous urography ( IVU ) ? There are many fortunes which require IVU scrutiny, but the most common is when you are suspected of holding rocks in your micturition system. Doctor wants to cognize how to make right out of the kidney to the vesica and how rocks affect the system itumembawa micturition. This trial can be used together with nephritic ultrasound and frailty versa. IVU besides used in the hunt for urinary obstructor or blood in the piss. What particular readying is necessary? Giving consequence to fast If the process done in the afternoon, the patient can eat a light breakfast. It is best if there anything to eat or imbibe 6 hours before the process. Water is allowed for those with diabetes, patients with myeloma, gijal failures and other unwanted wear conditions. Regulation of drug pickings Can non be of any ordinance ( other than those listed below ) in add-on you have asthma or allergic reactions are known. If this is the instance, your review will be reviewed, because you can acquire a reaction to the contrast media used. If your physician feels that the benefits exceed the hazard of the process, you will be given medicine pill Pediapred ( a steroid ) before the review – every bit much as 40mg 12 hours before and after, 40mg 2 hours before the process. Sometimes, if the scrutiny should be done instantly and you may non hold been prepared and have allergic reactions, you will be injected with 100 milligrams cortisol ( a steroid ) before scrutiny.AInventory bowel Diet without veggies and the remainder of the twenty-four hours before the scrutiny. Drink H2O freely during this before fasting once more. You will be given a laxative such as 2 tablets or 10 tablets eucarbon dulcolex at 6 autopsy before the showing. Bowel readying demands vary between different radiology sections, and you should be in relation to certain staff at the topographic point where you will hold your cheque. What really happens during an IVU? You need to alter apparels and have on a infirmary gown for this scrutiny and are asked to resign the piss your vesica. You will lie on a particular tabular array and abdominal radiogram will be performed at specific intervals. Contrast is given ( with a needle through a vena in your arm ) after the radiogram. First in the early phases, the compaction will be performed ( for a short clip merely ) at the underside of the organic structure by utilizing a shock absorber or a place belt or even the tabular array itself will travel down ( the caput ) . In the normal flow of piss from the kidney to the vesica, Procedure takes 30 proceedingss to finish. You are asked to urinate before the last movie taken. However, depending on you, more films and positions will be taken. Inspection will be arranged harmonizing to your sisitem micturition and may be modified and tmbahan medicine should be taken ( eg a diuretic ) in order to look into the state of affairs farther. This may take several hours to finish. At the terminal of the review, Radiologist to state why your physician foremost to propose that you run the IVU. Is it possible troubles originate? The lone trouble arises from the contrast media. These troubles are minor, such as itchiness, weariness and trouble external respiration, bead in blood force per unit area ( normally temporarily ) district attorney seldom dangerous ( anaphylaxis ) . A Rare feeling of hurting and uncomfortableness occurs when the abdominal compaction to be done, but this compaction is normally stopped when you told the translator to manage the X ray of your scrutiny. There are particular instructions after the IVU? There are no particular instructions after IVU. You can eat and imbibe but make non see your physician because he may hold the scrutiny or other processs after the IVU scrutiny. Barium clyster Introduction This is an scrutiny utilizing X raies to analyze the colon with Ba sulphate as contrast media. Colon is portion of the bowel between the little bowel and rectum. These trials evaluate the colon or big bowel. Apart from the nightlong fast, patients are required to provide the bowels. Bowel readying is normally carried out by utilizing julapp, which may be present in the signifier of pills, pulverizations or solutions. The trial besides does non take more than an hr. A tubing is so inserted through the rectum, and Ba. Radiologist may be given an injection in the blood vass to loosen up the bowels. Patients with unnatural bosom round, micturition due to prostate jobs that are non healthy or are required to advise the experts Rradiologi gaukoma that alternate medical specialty can be used. Radiologist will steer patients melelui some description of the different places. Done through two methods: I. Single contrast to kids II. Double contrast ( air and Ba ) to see the colon Indication I. Ca colon II. Obstruction ( barricading ) I. Pathology of colorectal Contra indicants I. Incomplete stock list venters II. Pregnant III. Severe hurting in venters IV. Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease ( terrible redness of the colon ) V. Toxic megacolon Peersediaan venters 1. Give laxative 4 seeds two yearss before the scrutiny ( makn 2 seed after dinner ) 2. Eat easy to digest ( MAGGI and staff of life ) . Meats and veggies ( or fiber nutrients ) should non be consumed 24 hours before the scrutiny 3. Drink plentifulness of H2O 4. Fast 5-6 hours prior to review 5. No smoke Contrast media Solution: 4 cups 1 cup gum acacia medebar 1400 H2O Fluroskopi the ability of 10 frames / sec Fluroskopi tabular array with 90/20 jousts Equipment bags of Ba Injection equipment direction Equipment cannula rectum Inspection processs 1. Prelim radiographs taken with the patient supine on the scrutiny tabular array 2. Equipment is provided by linking the catheter tip in the Ba and pump supplies 3. Catheter inserted in the rectum with the patient ‘s status on the left sides 4. Then Ba released to the fleksus splenik under conditions fluroskopi 5. Patients are asked prone and so turn to the left and right so that the Ba can be embedded in the big bowel 6. Excess Ba removed by raising the tabular array to place or by puting a bag erek Ba Ba bag on the floor 7. The air will be pumped into the colon to attach to the full colon Ba and to demo â€Å" kaustra † colon. This is called a dual contrast consequence. 8. After the process is performed, radiographs should be made of 4 projections ; I. Prone – to show the full big bowel II. Dekubitus sidelong right and left sidelong dekubitus – to show the full big bowel III. Prone to the tubing confined corner of 45 grades to the bottom 5cm of the PSIS to see the sigmoid colon Discussions: When is a individual will necessitate a Ba clyster? Since there is a colonoscopy ( endoscopic colon ) , Ba clyster is diminishing. However, this process memepunyai usage when there are alterations in the normal bowel, the presence of blood in the stool, abdominal hurting and anus are non uncommon, terrible irregularity every bit good as support for other types of reviews. Sometimes, when the colonoscopy process to measure the colon is non good for some ground ( the form of the colon that was revolving spiral ) Ba clyster is performed. There is besides a clear difference in cost, the Ba clyster is less expensive. However, colonoscopy has the advantage of transporting out a biopsy ( tissue trying ) ssebarang distinctive features or abnormalcies seen. Sometimes if the colon is clearly a narrow or malignant neoplastic disease of the colon, Ba clyster scrutiny may demo the full colon and the presence of more than one malignant neoplastic disease better. The range will be a job through the narrow portion of the bowel, while Ba sulphate liquid to flux through the narrowest portion. A elaborate scrutiny of the Ba clyster may uncover narrowing of the big bowel, lesions and scratchs such as polyps or tumours. How to fix for the Ba clyster? Inventories gut to make 2 yearss or 48 hours before the process. Eat nutrients low in fibre: Do non eat meat, veggies, fruits and dairy merchandises. Avoid high-fiber nutrients. You can eat white staff of life, noodles ( like Mamee, MAGGI ) of fish and amylum on the first twenty-four hours of readying. On the 2nd twenty-four hours, merely clear liquids such as glucose, Ribena, livita and field H2O, the Chinese, coconut H2O, clear soup ( beef or poulet soup that has been filtered ) should be eaten. 2 yearss, you should imbibe plentifulness of fluids, including apparent H2O as much H2O in the organic structure will be lost when the drugs began to efficaciously gut. On the twenty-four hours before the process, you will be given medicine ( laxatives or clyster ) to assist your bowels. Make non be afraid if you have diarrhea, because the intent of all this readying. Drugs are taken in pill signifier or liquid, such as Oral Fleet. Each will hold a radiology section in readying for Ba clyster and certain medicines may be of different types, although it has the same action in the intestine – which is to â€Å" cleanse † your colon. Large bowel ( colon ) is clean is of import so that the Ba clyster to look at your colon mucous membrane clearly. If your assignment is at 9 am, you will be asked to fast ( non eat and imbibe ) after 12 autopsy, the twenty-four hours prior to the process. If your oral cavity is dry, you can suck ketula ice. If your assignment is non in the forenoon, you have to fast for 6 hours before the process. Barium Enema Introduction A Ba clyster is a diagnostic trial. During the test, the physician puts a contrast stuff called Ba into the rectum. Adequate Ba is given to make full the colon ( big bowel ) . A apparent abdominal X ray was taken. By make fulling the pit of the bowel, the physician can see the contours of the colon ‘s liner. Polyps, divertikula ( outpocketings ) , abscess, fistulous withers ( hole ) , kriptus ( pit of certain types ) , and inflammatory alterations can be detected. Mass ( eg tumour ) in peculiar is interesting because the trial is frequently used to test for colon malignant neoplastic disease. A A A A A * In peculiar, barium clyster is used to except bowel disease such as colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases. Over the old ages, Ba clyster was used to measure a assortment of other conditions such as these: A A A A A A A A A A A o Aappendikitis A A A A A A A A A A A o celiac psilosis A A A A A A A A A A A o colorectal adenomas ( growings are non unsafe ) A A A A A A A A A A A o colon divertikula ( pocket or pockets in the bowels ) A A A A A A A A A A A o colon polyps A A A A A A A A A A A o Crohn ‘s disease A A A A A A A A A A A o diarrhea A A A A A A A A A A A o colon diverticulitis A A A A A A A A A A A o chronic enteric pseudo-obstruction A A A A A A A A A A A o Lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage A A A A A A A A A A A o ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease * Although Ba clyster was originally intended as a manner to name the disease, its function has changed. Doctors use the trial as a showing tool for certain people who are at hazard for colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases. A A A A A * In add-on, the Ba clyster is used in some instances to handle a status. The force per unit area exerted when the Ba into the big bowel frequently consequences in work outing a intususepsi ( a telescope in which the effects of the big bowel creases in on itself ) -a status seen in babies. A A A A A * A last trial, the double-contrast Ba clyster, was developed in order to see the mucose membranes in the intestine better. This is achieved by utilizing a roentgenoscope ( an engine to see the internal construction ) and by pull stringsing the place of the individual and the sum of Ba and air are introduced. Hazard During Ba enema process, contrast stuff can punch the colon and spilled into the abdominal pit. Lining of the abdominal pit may go septic ( this status is called chemical peritoneal inflammation ) . Colon may be narrow and clogged. Because of this possible job, certain people may non be good campaigners for this process. Bowel before the process is completed. Anyone holding Ba clyster should be monitored for intestine readying processs. Perforation degrees between different types of clyster are likely due to perforation that occurred prior to the clyster, and the force per unit area exerted on the big bowel, non from the contrast stuff used. Get downing Ba clyster A A A A A * To acquire the exact contours of x-ray images of the colon, must be clean of dungs. This is achieved by cleansing clyster. A A A A A A A A A A A O In add-on, laxatives may be given orally to cleanse the colon of waste stuff could interfere with the processs and trial reading. A A A A A A A A A A A o Normally, you will non be allowed to take nutrient or liquids after midnight the dark before your process. You may be given endovenous fluids incorporating dextroglucose ( sugar ) merely before the trial. The process Sulawesi Barium clyster is performed at the outpatient x-ray centre or big infirmary. You normally go place the same twenty-four hours. A A A A A * When you arrive, the staff will look into the last clip you had no nutrient or liquids. They will besides guarantee that your colon has been adequately prepared ( by cleansing clyster or laxatives, or both ) . A A A A A * You will stay awake during Ba clyster processs. Contrast stuff ( Ba ) is inserted into the rectum through a fictile tubing. Besides the uncomfortableness, you may experience the force per unit area of the fluid that is being provided. If non, the hurting should be minimum. A A A A A * Some X ray is taken. The continuance of the download process depends on the velocity of Ba are needed to make full the field of involvement, the figure of exposures needed to decently measure the big bowel, and the add-on of Ba or exposures are required. After Procedure Most people have a short recovery clip and return place after the process. A A A A A * These images are read by a qualified radiotherapist who presented the findings to your physician may take to see exposures every bit good. Doctors normally call you within a hebdomad with the consequences. A A A A A * If there are unnatural consequences, such as contour abnormalities in the intestine suggest an unnatural mass, your physician will discourse the extra diagnostic and direction programs, which may include biopsy or surgery. Following Measure After you leave the infirmary or surgical centre, you expect after a intestine motion incorporating contrast stuff. You must pay attending to abdominal hurting, spasms, or purging. Name your physician or seek medical attending at the nearest wellness installation if you have terrible symptoms. Barium repast Barium is a calcareous liquid that is used by radiotherapists to depict parts of the digestive piece of land on X ray. In this manner, the digestive piece of land is much more clearly seen in the radiogram and easier to name jobs tersebut.pesakit patients will be given to imbibe Ba, which will demo the gorge ( nutrient tubing journey to the tummy ) the tummy and little bowel deodenum or rectal clyster may be given to demo big bowel. How long is the review done? Typically requires between 10-15 proceedingss. Preparation You may be given a drug pills to eat. Time be get downing the pills it would take the gas in the tummy. It is of import to seek because you would hold gas in the tummy during the scrutiny. After the patient swallows Ba, the patient will be asked to turn over to different places on the tabular array for x-ray tabular array to blend the Ba and gas in the tummy and duodenum.Aa Ba repast scrutiny is at the top A A from the GI piece of land ( GIT ) , esophagus, tummy and duodenum. Barium is a calcareous liquid that is used by radiotherapists to depict parts of the digestive piece of land on X ray. This is the x-ray sensing and X-ray image made from the GI piece of land is much more clear to see and is an assistance to name your job. Patients are given Ba to imbibe either, which will demo the gorge ( nutrient tubing journey to the tummy ) the tummy and little bowel or anus can be given as clyster to sketch the big bowel. You will hold been sent to barium clyster because you may hold suffered from intestine wonts alteration is A A A A A * Lower abdominal hurting A A A A A * Bloated feeling A A A A A * Shuttle diarrhoea and irregularity A A A A A * Blood in intestine motion A A A A A * Unexplained weight loss Preparation: For tummy involves eating merely soft nutrients, liquids, and take a laxative that will supply staff. You will be provided with written instructions about what you can eat and imbibe and when to take a laxative. If you are a diabetic be certain to inquire the staff for any particular instructions. A really powerful laxative and encouraged to stay close to the lavatory. Preparations for this process is really of import if the tummy is non clear processs will be done and should be rescheduled. Hazard: Small hazard of the process, the bowel may punch and barium might leak into the abdominal pit, it happens really seldom. Radiation dosage received is the same as your class will be unfastened for more than three old ages. You may be given medicine to loosen up the tummy during the process, if you suffer from bosom disease or glaucoma you should state the staff. Procedure: Will be done in the X-ray section and normally will be done as outpatient processs. If you believe you may be pregnant, you should state the staff before the start of the probe. When you arrive at your section will be displayed to the cubical and shows the current location near the lavatory, you will so be asked to take all your apparels and wear frocks, all metal objects, tickers and jewellery should be removed. A A A A A * You will be comfy lying on the tabular array with a cover to cover your R A A A A A * You will be asked to turn your manus, gently anal tubing is passed through a little way into the anus. A A A A A * The Ba liquid will so be introduced bit by bit radiologist will so motivate you to alter the place on the tabular array to surface the interior of the colon with liquid. A A A A A * Water can besides be inserted into the colon through the anal tubing of the same radiology section provides a clearer image of the colon. A A A A A * This process is more uncomfortable than painful, you may see tummy spasms, and comprehensiveness. A A A A A * You may be given an injection to loosen up the musculuss of the intestine wall, this may do blurring of your vision, but it will go through. A A A A A * You will hold X raies taken of you in different places A A A A A * The process can take about 20 proceedingss even if you can remain in office longer, waiting for X raies and a visit to the lavatory. A A A A A * If the process is complete, you will be able to travel to the lavatory. Some but non all of the Ba will be passed. Your soil will be removed when it is the colour white as Ba, your bench will go on to be a spot pale for a figure of intestine motions. A A A A A * The balance of the Ba will be produced of course in the intestine, but this can do irregularity so you are encouraged to imbibe plentifulness of fluids and eat high fibre diet for several yearss. how long the process wiil user? The examinatio normally takes between 10-15 proceedingss. readying. You may be given a point that, when swallowed, will let go of some gas in your tummy. of import to seek gas remains in the tummy during the trial. cup the sense of Ba sup and so you will be asked rolled to assorted places in the x-ray tabular array, to the mix, Ba and gas in the tummy and duodenum. little injection can besides be provided to assist you loosen up tummy. This may do impermanent blurred vision. and can non drive until your vision has returned to normal. The Ba will be seen on x-ray machine while you are who moved to different places to let you to barium make all parts of the tummy. radiotherapist will take x-ray scope when being examined by X ray is of import to follow waies and keep your breath when you are asked to guarantee that X raies do non get away. after the process after a Ba repast you will be given a mild laxative for download place with you to get the better of the effects of irregularity Ba. You should imbibe plentifulness of fluids. your intestine action may be white for several yearss after the process. If you have diabetes or other medical conditions det necessitating particular medicine, delight allow us before your assignment. If you have inquiries about the process please name us to talk with your physician Listen Read phoneticallyADictionary – Position detailed dictionary Google Translate for my: SearchesVideosEmailPhoneChatBusiness About Google TranslateTurn off blink of an eye translationPrivacyHelp A ©2010Business ToolsAbout Google TranslateBlogShare your storyPrivacyHelp Listen Read phoneticallyADictionary – Position detailed dictionaryprepositionin within inside Listen Read phoneticallyADictionary – Position detailed dictionaryprepositionin within inside